New insights into the genetic history of bison reveal the profound impact of their near-extinction and subsequent recovery on their populations. Researchers recently published a study in the journal Science, where they sequenced 160 bison genomes, spanning a timeline of 20,000 years.
Led by paleogeneticist Jonas Oppenheimer and the Paleogenomics Lab at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the study involved nearly 40 scientists, many of whom were Canadian. By analyzing ancient and modern bison DNA, the researchers aimed to enhance conservation efforts by understanding the genetic changes that have occurred in bison herds.
The study highlighted the challenges faced by modern bison populations, which have become fragmented and isolated due to human interventions. Previously, bison across North America were genetically similar, but today, herds exhibit significant genetic differences based on their origins, reflecting the impact of past population bottlenecks.
Sequencing both ancient and modern bison genomes allowed researchers to track how genetic diversity has evolved over time. By extracting DNA from managed herds across Canada and the United States, as well as ancient specimens from various collections, the study created the most comprehensive genetic map of bison to date.
The research also shed light on the distinctive genetic characteristics of wood bison and plains bison, emphasizing the importance of managing these subspecies separately. This information is crucial for conservation efforts, as it provides insights into preserving genetic diversity and preventing inbreeding among bison herds.
Moving forward, the study’s findings offer valuable tools for conservationists to reconnect isolated bison herds and promote genetic diversity. By leveraging ancient genomes as benchmarks, researchers can guide efforts to restore gene flow among bison populations, ensuring the long-term survival and diversity of these iconic species.